Operation Opera - Knowledge (XXH) (2025)

1043:, witnessed the planes overfly his yacht, and noticed their Israeli markings. Taking into account the location, heading, and armament of the jets, Hussein quickly deduced the Iraqi reactor to be the most probable target. Hussein immediately contacted his government and ordered a warning to be sent to the Iraqis. However, due to a communication failure the message was never received and the Israeli planes entered Iraqi airspace undetected. Upon reaching Iraqi airspace, the squadron split up, with two of the F-15s forming close escort to the F-16 squadron, and the remaining F-15s dispersing into Iraqi airspace as a diversion and ready back-up. The attack squadron descended to 30m (100ft) over the Iraqi desert, attempting to fly under the radar of the Iraqi defences.1433:

invested $ 400 million. And the French reactor and the associated plans were from Italy. When they bombed it out we became 7,000 with a $ 10 billion investment for a secret, much larger underground program to make bomb material by enriching uranium. We dropped the reactor out totally, which was the plutonium for making nuclear weapons, and went directly into enriching uranium. ... They estimated we'd make 7kg of plutonium a year, which is enough for one bomb. And they get scared and bombed it out. Actually it was much less than this, and it would have taken a much longer time. But the program we built later in secret would make six bombs a year.

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the sixteen released bombs struck the containment dome of the reactor. It was later revealed that half an hour before the Israeli planes arrived, a group of Iraqi soldiers manning anti-aircraft defenses had left their posts for an afternoon meal, turning off their radars. The Israeli planes were still intercepted by Iraqi defenses but managed to evade the remaining anti-aircraft fire. The squadron climbed to high altitude and started their return to Israel. The attack lasted less than two minutes.

655:, fell ill and died on trips to Switzerland and France respectively, with Mossad suspected of having poisoned them. It has also been claimed that the Mossad bombed several of the French and Italian companies it suspected of working on the project, and sent threatening letters to top officials and technicians, causing several French technicians to resign. Following the bombing in April 1979, France inserted a clause in its agreement with Iraq saying that French personnel would have to supervise the216:

535:: "The Osirak reactor that was bombed by Israel in June 1981 was explicitly designed by the French engineer Yves Girard to be unsuitable for making bombs. That was obvious to me on my 1982 visit". Elsewhere Wilson has stated that contrary to claims that the bombing of the Iraqi Osirak reactor delayed Iraq's nuclear bomb program, the Iraqi nuclear program before 1981 was peaceful, and the Osirak reactor was not only unsuited to making bombs but was under intensive safeguards.510:, an Egyptian nuclear scientist who headed the Iraqi nuclear program, in a hotel in Paris. In July 1980, Iraq received from France a shipment of approximately 12.5kilograms of highly enriched uranium fuel to be used in the reactor. The shipment was the first of a planned six deliveries totalling 72kilograms. It was reportedly stipulated in the purchase agreement that no more than two HEU fuel loadings, 24kilograms, could be in Iraq at any time.164:

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1089:. Security Council Resolution 487 strongly condemned the attack as a "clear violation of the Charter of the United Nations and the norms of international conduct" and called on Israel to refrain from such attacks in the future; the Council recognised the right of Iraq to "establish programmes of technological and nuclear development" and called for Israel to join Iraq within the "IAEA safeguards regime" of the939:

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plutonium. An examination of the reactor by Harvard physicist Richard Wilson after the attack concluded that the facility was not suited for production of weapons-grade plutonium. As a result, the attack did not reduce the risk that Iraq would develop nuclear weapons. On the contrary, it brought about a far more determined and focused effort to acquire nuclear weapons.

909:(which could have been used to retaliate against Israel in the event of an attack). The attack was a severe blow to Iraqi airpower, and largely gave Iran air superiority over Iraq. Israeli reconnaissance planes had been monitoring Iraq during the attack, and observed that the Iraqi Air Force had been severely degraded and their retaliatory capacity had been weakened.572:, disputed Richter's claim that a fuel processing program for the manufacturing of nuclear weapons could have been conducted secretly. Fainberg wrote that there was barely enough fuel on the site to make one bomb, and that the presence of hundreds of foreign technicians would have made it impossible for the Iraqis to take the necessary steps without being discovered.1070:

1384:, American forces captured a number of documents detailing conversations that Saddam Hussein had with his inner sanctum. In a 1982 conversation Hussein stated that, "Once Iraq walks out victorious , there will not be any Israel." Of Israel's anti-Iraqi endeavors, Saddam noted, "Technically, they are right in all of their attempts to harm Iraq."1093:. The council also stated its consideration that Iraq was "entitled to appropriate redress for the destruction it has suffered." The United States voted for the resolution and suspended the delivery of four F-16 aircraft to Israel, but blocked punitive action by the UN. The suspension on the delivery of the aircraft was lifted two months later.1505:, then the United States Secretary of Defense, thanked the Israeli mission commander for the "outstanding job he did on the Iraqi nuclear program in 1981". While many scholars debate the value of the bombing, Iraq did not possess nuclear weapons at the outbreak of the Gulf War, and, according to Cheney, the bombing made Desert Storm easier.1354:

states that may attempt to do so will now be all the more secretive and circumspect. Israel's strike, far from foreclosing Iraq's nuclear future, gained her the support of some other Arab states in pursuing it. And despite Prime Minister Begin's vow to strike as often as need be, the risks in doing so would rise with each occasion.

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suspend all technical assistance to Israel. A draft resolution was introduced to expel Israel from the IAEA, but the proposition was defeated. The United States argued that the attack was not a violation of the IAEA Statute and that punitive action against Israel would do great harm to the IAEA and the non-proliferation regime.

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attack: "...triggered a covert nuclear weapons program that did not previously exist ... a decade later Iraq stood on the threshold of a nuclear weapons capability. This case suggests that preventive attacks can increase the long-term proliferation risk posed by the targeted state." Elsewhere, she wrote:

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Israel had pulled off a remarkable military raid, striking targets with great precision over long distances. But the bombing set back Israel more than Iraq. It further harmed Israel's international reputation, later worsened by the ill-fated 1982 invasion of Lebanon, while making Iraq appear a victim

1152:, the U.S. ambassador to the UN and as stern a lecturer as Britain's then prime minister, described it as "shocking" and compared it to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. American newspapers were as fulsome. "Israel's sneak attack ... was an act of inexcusable and short-sighted aggression," said the1028:

airspace. To avoid detection, the Israeli pilots conversed in Saudi-accented Arabic while in Jordanian airspace and told Jordanian air controllers that they were a Saudi patrol that had gone off course. While flying over Saudi Arabia, they pretended to be Jordanians, using Jordanian radio signals and

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concluded that "it would be most unlikely for an attack with conventional bombs upon the reactor when operating to have caused lethal exposures to radioactivity in Baghdad, although some people at the reactor site might receive some exposure". This was similarly the conclusion of Herbert Goldstein of

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convened on 9–12 June and condemned Israel's action. The Board further asked that the prospect of suspending Israel's privileges and rights of membership be considered at the next General Conference held by the organization. On 26 September 1981, the IAEA Conference condemned the attack and voted to

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and, more importantly, the determination not to allow the Arab nation to acquire scientific or technical knowledge." Syria requested condemnation not only of Israel for terrorism against Arab peoples, but also of the United States, "which continue to provide Israel with instruments of destruction as

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Debate prior to passage of the UN resolution reflected member states' differing positions on issues such as nuclear proliferation in the region and the appropriateness and justifiability of Israel's actions. The Iraqi representative stated that "the motives behind the Israeli attack were to cover up

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following the attack, claimed that the operation was launched on a Sunday afternoon under the assumption that workers present on the site, including foreign experts employed at the reactor, would have left. Notwithstanding this precaution, there were hundreds of French workers and other nationals at

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After the approval for Operation Opera, the Israelis began to plan their mission against Osirak. The basic procedure for the airstrike had been formulated as early as 1979. However, the Israelis needed photographic intelligence about the layout of the plant. That task allegedly fell to the Iranians.

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were among those opposed. According to Mueller, "the principal difference between the hawks and doves on this issue lay in their estimation of the likely international political costs of an air strike". Shai Feldman specifies that " feared that the operation would derail the fragile Israeli-Egyptian

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Israel—actually, what Israel is that it got out the immediate danger out of the way. But it created a much larger danger in the longer range. What happened is that Saddam ordered us—we were 400 ... scientists and technologists running the program. And when they bombed that reactor out, we had also

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reactor complex, the F-16 formation climbed to 2,100m (6,900ft) and went into a 35-degree dive at 1,100km/h (680mph), aimed at the reactor complex. At 1,100m (3,600ft), the F-16s began releasing the Mark 84 bombs in pairs, at 5-second intervals. At least eight of

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argued for continued efforts in trying to find a non-military solution as it would take the Iraqis five to ten years to produce the material necessary for a nuclear weapon. In the end, Begin chose to order the attack based on a worst-case estimate where a weapon could be created in one to two years

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was intended for peaceful purposes. Begin considered the diplomatic options fruitless, and worried that prolonging the decision to attack would lead to a fatal inability to act in response to the perceived threat. According to Karl P. Mueller, in the spring of 1979, Begin had reached the conclusion

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has repeatedly said that the attack was a dangerous failure: the bombed reactor had nothing to do with weapons research, while "the attack may have actually increased Saddam's commitment to acquiring weapons." In 2011, and basing herself on new Iraqi sources, Malfrid Braut-Hegghammer said that the

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The destruction of the Osiraq reactor did not delay the development of a nuclear weapons option because it was never intended to be part of such an effort. The French-supplied facility was subject to rigorous safeguards and designed to ensure that Iraq would not be able to produce weapons-grade

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in the western part of the country (near Jordan and Israel). Eight Iranian F-4 Phantoms carried out the long range bombing mission and struck the airbase. Iran claimed that 48 Iraqi aircraft were destroyed, although US intelligence concluded that 27 aircraft were destroyed and 11 others damaged.

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The Iraqi Air Force was a potential threat to the Israelis (as the MiG-21 interception showed) and it somewhat deterred Israel from attacking yet. However, Israel had an advantage in that Iraq was preoccupied fighting Iran. On 4 April 1981, the Iranian Air Force launched a major attack on Iraq's

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In striking Iraq, Israel showed that a preventive strike can be made, something that was not in doubt. Israel's act and its consequences however, make clear that the likelihood of useful accomplishment is low. Israel's strike increased the determination of Arabs to produce nuclear weapons. Arab

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followed the Security Council with Resolution No. 36/27 on 13 November 1981, expressing deep alarm and condemning Israel over the "premeditated and unprecedented act of aggression," and demanding that Israel pay prompt and adequate compensation for the damage and loss of life it had caused. The

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The alleged assassinations caused widespread panic among Iraqi nuclear scientists. Saddam Hussein, worried over the effect on the morale of the project's scientists, awarded cash bonuses and luxury cars to all senior scientists. Meshad's widow was awarded $ 300,000 and promised that she and her

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initiated diplomatic negotiations with France, the United States and Italy (Israel maintained that some Italian firms acted as suppliers and sub-contractors) over the matter but failed to obtain assurances that the reactor program would be halted. In addition Israel was not able to convince the

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in the case of an emergency. While the new Iranian government was officially hostile to Israel, due to both nations having a common enemy (Iraq), and Iranian fears that the Iraqis would create an atomic bomb to use on them, they clandestinely worked with Israel to forestall such a development.

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if hit, they did not attack the actual reactor dome, but the control room, research/centrifuge facilities, and the adjacent buildings. The targets were struck and the buildings were damaged, along with the plant cooling mechanisms. Two other F-4s simultaneously hit Baghdad's main power plant,

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The representative of France stated that the sole purpose of the reactor was scientific research. Agreements between France and Iraq excluded military use. The United Kingdom said it did not believe Iraq had the capacity to manufacture fissionable materials for nuclear weapons. The IAEA

1391:, wrote in 2004 that Israel had "gambled that the strike would be within Iraq's threshold of tolerance." Moriarty argues that Iraq, already in the midst of a war with Iran, would not start a war with Israel at the same time and that its "threshold of tolerance was higher than normal."881:, the Israeli Air Force received theirs ahead of schedule). The new F-16s would be used for the raid. Israeli F-4 Phantoms also ran reconnaissance missions over areas of southern and western Iraq. While the Iraqi Air Force was busy fighting the Iranians, on one occasion, an Iraqi861:

reconnaissance jet took pictures of the Osirak reactor. The photographs were allegedly placed in a top-secret metal container, and certain elements of the Iranian military delivered them to the Israelis. With these photographs, the Israelis began to plan out Operation Opera.

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to halt construction or destroy the reactor. In April 1979, Mossad agents in France allegedly planted a bomb that destroyed the reactor's first set of core structures while they were awaiting shipment to Iraq. In June 1980, Mossad agents are said to have assassinated

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knocking the city's electricity out for nearly two days. The Iraqis denied any major damage. The French and Italian technicians promptly left Iraq, and nearly withdrew from the project, but some later returned in February 1981 and began to repair the damage.

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and had never been assigned to inspect facilities in the Middle East. Eklund claimed that the safeguards procedures were effective and that they were supplemented by precautionary measures taken by the nuclear suppliers. Anthony Fainberg, a physicist at the

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satellite. French technicians installing the reactor later said it was scheduled to become operational only by the end of 1981. Nonetheless, in October 1980, the Israeli cabinet (with Dayan absent) finally voted 10–6 in favor of launching the attack.

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became Prime Minister in 1977 the preparations intensified; Begin authorized the building of a full-scale model of the Iraqi reactor which Israeli pilots could practice bombing. Three Israeli pilots died in accidents while training for the mission.

889:. However, in their missions, the Israelis discovered a blind area on Iraqi radar, on the border with Saudi Arabia. While the Iraqis were aware of the blind area, they did not remedy the problem because they did not expect a war with Saudi Arabia.1293:, and that it led to a special team within US intelligence being set up to investigate the failure to detect preparations for an operation of this magnitude within the Israeli Air Force, military intelligence, the Mossad, and political system.466:

and the training of personnel. The total cost has been given as $ 300 million (equivalent to $ 1.62 billion in 2023). In November 1975, the countries signed a nuclear cooperation agreement and in 1976, the sale of the reactor was finalized.

1274:". Begin responded to Peres's accusation at a Likud rally: "Jews, you have known me for forty years, since I lived in the Hassidoff neighborhood of Petah Tikva to fight for the Jewish people (a reference to Begin's incognito days in the663:

children would receive a lifelong pension. Iraqi scientists were given financial bonuses for international travel, which they had become increasingly fearful of, and received instructions on how to avoid potential Mossad assassinations.

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peace process, fuel Arab anxieties about Israel's profile in the region, and damage Israel-French relations". Begin and his supporters, including Sharon, were far less pessimistic than their opponents about the political fallout.

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release factors, the lethal contamination would be confined to a close proximity to the reactor and small amounts of radiation would be detectable in Baghdad under the assumption that winds were blowing in that direction.

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nuclear reactor about 10 miles (16km) outside Baghdad had ended Saddam's program. Instead covert funding for a nuclear program code-named 'PC3' involving 5,000 people testing and building ingredients for a nuclear

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stated in 1997 that Iraq refocused its nuclear weapons effort on producing highly enriched uranium after the raid. Its interest in acquiring plutonium as fissile material for weapons continued, but at a lower priority.

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expressed support for the attack: "everybody talks about what the Israelis did at Osiraq, in 1981, which, I think, in retrospect, was a really good thing. You know, it kept Saddam from developing nuclear power."

1001:. Raz led the attack and was later decorated by the Chief of Staff for his leadership. Ramon, who was the youngest pilot to participate in the operation, later became the first Israeli astronaut and died in the1129:

wrote in his journal on the day of the attack, "I swear I believe Armageddon is near," adding of Begin's decision, "He should have told us & the French, we could have done something to remove the threat."

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Louis Rene Beres and Tsiddon-Chatto, Col. (res.) Yoash, "Reconsidering Israel's Destruction of Iraq's Osiraq Nuclear Reactor," Temple International and Comparative Law Journal 9(2), 1995. Reprinted in

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The Israeli aggression against the peaceful nuclear installations in Iraq: statement made by Dr. Sa'adoun Hammadi, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Iraq, before the Security Council, 12 June 1981

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In an interview in 2012, Wilson again emphasised: "The Iraqis couldn't have been developing a nuclear weapon at Osirak. I challenge any scientist in the world to show me how they could have done so."

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In 2010, squad leader Ze'ev Raz said of the operation: "There was no doubt in the mind of the decision makers that we couldn't take a chance. We knew that the Iraqis could do exactly what we did in

1278:). Would I send Jewish boys to risk death—or captivity worse than death, because those barbarians would have tortured our boys horribly—for elections?" On 30 June, Likud was reelected over Peres's5378:

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by the French, was intended for peaceful scientific research, the Israelis viewed the reactor with suspicion, believing it was designed to produce nuclear weapons that could escalate the ongoing

731:, a former Israeli government employee. At the alleged meeting, the Iranians explained details of their 1980 attack on the site, and agreed to let Israeli planes land at an Iranian airfield in513:

Iraq and France claimed that the Iraqi reactor was intended for peaceful scientific research. Agreements between France and Iraq excluded military use. The American private intelligence agency

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Ten Iraqi soldiers and one French civilian were killed in the attack. The civilian killed was engineer Damien Chaussepied, variously described as 24 or 25 years old, who was an employee of

405:. The efficacy of the attack is debated by historians, who acknowledge that it brought Iraq back from the brink of nuclear capability but drove its weapons program underground and cemented809:

told Begin in October 1980 that the Mossad's campaign of assassinations and sabotage could not stop the Iraqi nuclear program and that the only way to put an end to it was an airstrike.

559:. Richter testified that only part of Iraq's nuclear installation was under safeguard and that the most sensitive facilities were not even subject to safeguards. IAEA's Director-General6545:

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formations. The Israeli planes were so heavily loaded that the external fuel tanks that had been mounted on the planes were exhausted in-flight. The tanks were jettisoned over the

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Iraq had established a nuclear program sometime in the 1960s, and in the mid-1970s looked to expand it through the acquisition of a nuclear reactor. After failing to convince the

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reactor would be fueled and operational by June 1981. This assessment was significantly aided by reconnaissance photos supplied by the United States, specifically using the

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attack is an illegal way to behave—Resolution 487 established that—but it is an understandable way to behave if you are the Israeli military-security establishment."

587:, Prime Minister of Israel and in charge of the operation, disembarks from an aircraft upon his arrival in the United States, accompanied by Israeli Foreign Minister1144:

The world was outraged by Israel's raid on 7 June 1981. "Armed attack in such circumstances cannot be justified. It represents a grave breach of international law,"

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bombing—and Peres's poor political judgement in criticizing it—were crucial in turning the tide of what initially had seemed to be a hopeless election campaign for

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in 2004, it is stated that the Iraqi nuclear program "expanded considerably" with the purchase of the French reactor in 1976, and that "Israel's bombing of Iraq's

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reactor deep inside Iraq. Israel called the operation an act of self-defense, saying that the reactor had "less than a month to go" before "it might have become

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A. DeVolpi, V.E. Minkov, G.S. Stanford, and V.A. Simonenko, Vladimir Minkov, Vadim Simonenko, George Stanford, "Nuclear Shadowboxing: Legacies and Challenges"

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The distance between Israeli military bases and the reactor site was significant—over 1,600km (990mi). The Israeli planes would have to violate

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wrote that "there is no evidence that Israel's destruction of Osirak delayed Iraq's nuclear weapons program. The attack may actually have accelerated it."

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in two separate resolutions. Media reactions were also negative: "Israel's sneak attack ... was an act of inexcusable and short-sighted aggression", wrote

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published excerpts from the testimony of Roger Richter, a former IAEA inspector who described the weaknesses of the agency's nuclear safeguards to the

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Director-General confirmed that inspections of the nuclear research reactors near Baghdad revealed no non-compliance with the safeguards agreement.

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Iraq said it would rebuild the facility and France agreed, in principle, to aid in the reconstruction. Because of a mix of factors, including the

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Prime Minister Begin defended the timing of the bombing stating that a later attack, after the reactor had become operational, could cause lethal

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demanded that Israel compensate Iraq for the destruction of the reactor. An Iraqi official asserted that Iraq's right to redress is supported by

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wrote in 2007 that the uranium-fueled reactor "was believed to be on the verge of producing plutonium for a weapons program". In a 2003 speech,

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wrote in 1995 that "ad it not been for the brilliant raid at Osiraq, Saddam's forces might have been equipped with atomic warheads in 1991."

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The US government had been caught completely off-guard by the attack. A former senior official in US intelligence told Israeli journalist

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of Colonel Fakhri Hussein Jaber, the head of Iraq's Western Air Defense Zone, and all officers under his command above the rank of

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nuclear target. Like in Operation Opera, the same types of aircraft were involved, although their roles were reversed with the

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Why Israel launched a preventive military strike on Iraq’s nuclear weapons program (1981): The fungibility of power resources

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In Israel, discussions on which strategy to adopt in response to the Iraqi reactor development were taking place as early as

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issued a unanimous and almost immediate response on 19 June 1981, following eight meetings and statements from Iraq and the

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1961:. Parliamentary Assembly – Working papers – 2007 Ordinary Session (Third part) 25–29 June 2007 – Volume V (2008). p. 178.1266:

criticized the operation as a political ploy, which did not go over well with the electorate. Dan Perry writes that "the

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convinced the Iraqi leadership to initiate a full-fledged nuclear weapons program. United States Secretary of Defense

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who visually inspected the partially damaged reactor in December 1982, said that "to collect enough plutonium using

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had come to power in 1968. On 6 April 1979, Israeli agents sabotaged the Osirak reactor awaiting shipment to Iraq at

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that the failure to detect preparations for the attack was perceived as a grave intelligence failure within the

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Israel claims that the attack impeded Iraq's nuclear ambitions by at least ten years. In an interview in 2005,

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2698:"McNair Paper 41, Radical Responses to Radical Regimes: Evaluating Preemptive Counter-Proliferation, May 1995"482:(Osiraq) by the French, blending the name of Iraq with that of the reactor class. Iraq named the main reactor2155:

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Rather than carrying out a follow-up air raid after their September attack, on 30 November 1980, an Iranian

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that the Iraqi government was entitled to seek compensation from Israel for damage caused by the attack.

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462:. The purchase also included a smaller accompanying Isis-type reactor, the sale of 72 kilograms of 93%365:

At the time of its occurrence, the attack was met with sharp international criticism, including in the

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nuclear reactor spurred Saddam to build up Iraq's military to confront Israel in the early 1980s."

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Moriarty, Tom (Fall 2004). "Entering the Valley of Uncertainty: The Future of Preemptive Attack".

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unfeasible. The Israelis eventually concluded that a squadron of heavily fueled and heavily armed

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1521:

1240:

724:

522:

455:

447:

443:

379:

351:

62:

1193:

1125:

The attack was strongly criticized around the world, including in the United States. Privately,

946:

showing the triangular mission marking for the attack, a nuclear reactor silhouette against the

686:

4474:

Nonproliferation and the National Interest: America's Response to the Spread of Nuclear Weapons

3175:

Nonproliferation and the National Interest: America's Response to the Spread of Nuclear Weapons

1648:

917:

708:

Due to last minute Iranian concerns that the reactor had been already fueled and could release

602:(1974–1977). Reportedly, planning and training for the operation began during this time. After6303:

6208:

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5502:

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4404:

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4127:

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3073:

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2970:

2960:

2900:

2802:

2512:

2136:

2011:"The Israeli Strike Against Osiraq: the dynamics of fear and proliferation in the Middle East"1958:

1916:

1557:

1513:

1450:

1394:

1221:

1149:

1145:

1036:

974:

921:

906:

870:

702:

635:

439:

406:

402:

385:

297:

277:

265:

168:

66:

47:

3493:

3145:

2876:

Eitan, Rafael. 2003. "The Raid on the Reactor from the Point of View of the Chief of Staff,"

779:

The decision to go through with the operation was hotly contested within Begin's government.

454:, and likewise failing to convince the Italian government to sell them a Cirene reactor, the326:-class nuclear reactor from France. While Iraq and France maintained that the reactor, named6391:

6214:

5786:

5617:

5460:

4990:

4012:

3966:

3675:

3549:

3444:

3011:

2820:

2643:

1698:

1480:

1442:

1366:

1310:

1209:

1201:

1173:

761:

503:

463:

459:

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4846:

3876:

1216:

signed a letter of appreciation to Menachem Begin, thanking him for ordering the attack on

1101:

resolution also solemnly warned Israel to refrain from taking such measures in the future.

816:

doses to reach all the way to Baghdad. An analysis by Warren Donnelly of the United States

6397:

6050:

5732:

5667:

5518:

5120:

5004:

4870:

4284:

4084:

3399:

3209:

1729:

1297:

981:

was assigned to the operation to provide fighter support. The F-16 pilots were Ze'ev Raz,

954:

947:

773:

728:

698:

648:

507:

253:

3845:

Comprehensive Report of the Special Advisor to the DCI on Iraq's WMD (The Duelfer Report)

2701:

2319:

701:

and only the third on a nuclear facility in history. It was also the first instance of a

499:

3440:

3007:

1694:

1228:

missile attacks on Israel during that war, vindicated his decision to bomb the reactor.

5651:

5625:

5494:

5322:

5317:

5291:

5125:

3662:

1509:

1437:

Similarly, the Iraqi nuclear scientist Imad Khadduri wrote in 2003 that the bombing of

1370:

1315:

1236:

990:

797:

690:

682:

624:

603:

584:

560:

409:

398:

316:

308:

301:

111:

4828:

3951:

2669:

1722:

873:

for the raid. The Israelis shortly afterwards received their first agreed delivery of

6444:

5856:

5444:

5296:

5065:

4500:

4413:

4150:

3978:

3708:

1971:

1346:

1286:

1126:

1040:

899:

886:

851:

802:

596:

366:

4024:

2832:

2803:"Osirak Redux? Assessing Israeli Capabilities to Destroy Iranian Nuclear Facilities"938:

6237:

5560:

5338:

5115:

5028:

4640:

4570:

4199:

Iraq and the War of Sanctions: Conventional Threats and Weapons of Mass Destruction

3448:

3015:

2424:

2347:

1760:

Iraq and the War of Sanctions: Conventional Threats and Weapons of Mass Destruction

1702:

1460:

1415:

1361:, in an interview for the 25th anniversary of the attack, described the bombing of1327:

1263:

1244:

1136:

1025:

994:

986:

970:

894:

838:

806:

792:

788:

780:

757:

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on a nuclear reactor which aimed to forestall the development of a nuclear weapon.

531:

5170:

3683:

4762:

4605:

Striking First: Preemptive and Preventive Attack in U.S. National Security Policy

3067:

2508:

Striking First: Preemptive and Preventive Attack in U.S. National Security Policy

2285:

885:

chased an Israeli F-4; the Iraqi jet ran out of fuel and the pilot was forced to

697:, publicly urged the Iranians to bomb the reactor. The attack was the first on a474:

light-water nuclear reactor began in 1979 at the Al Tuwaitha Nuclear Center near

6287:

5452:

5425:

5281:

5075:

4876:

4701:

Self-Defense in International Law: The Israeli Raid on the Iraqi Nuclear Reactor

4521:

Battling Terrorism: Legal Perspectives on the Use of Force and the War on Terror

4244:

Treacherous Alliance: The Secret Dealings of Israel, Iran, and the United States

4239:

4098:"Ending a decade of silence, Israel confirms it blew up Assad's nuclear reactor"3280:

Battling Terrorism: Legal Perspectives on the Use of Force and the War on Terror

2769:

Treacherous Alliance: The Secret Dealings of Israel, Iran, and the United States

1502:

1182:

982:

877:

aircraft (the first batch was originally earmarked for Iran, but because of the

866:

858:

727:

in France one month prior to the Israeli attack. The source of the assertion is

721:

Treacherous Alliance: The Secret Dealings of Israel, Iran, and the United States

716:

611:

588:

4227:

The Unspoken Alliance: Israel's Secret Relationship with Apartheid South Africa

3918:

1816:

The Unspoken Alliance: Israel's Secret Relationship with Apartheid South Africa

6074:

4999:

4806:

4650:

4535:

Terrorism and espionage in the Middle East: deception, displacement and denial

3970:

3679:

3630:

3622:

3586:

3522:

3317:

Terrorism and Espionage in the Middle East: Deception, Displacement and Denial

2751:

2622:

1484:

1418:, an Iraqi nuclear scientist, made the following statement in an interview on1365:

as a variation of Israeli military doctrine beginning with the premiership of

1204:, when it was completely destroyed by subsequent coalition air strikes by the998:

978:

931:

769:

124:

4213:

Nuclear Power Plants as Weapons for the Enemy: An Unrecognized Military Peril

2824:

1747:

Nuclear Power Plants as Weapons for the Enemy: An Unrecognized Military Peril

1254:

Begin at a press conference following the attack on the reactor, 10 June 1981

88:

75:

6202:

5110:

5060:

4782:

was created from a revision of this article dated 19December2017

4677:

Raid on the Sun: Inside Israel's Secret Campaign that Denied Saddam the Bomb

4359:

International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies: 29th session

2273:

International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies: 29th session

744:

354:

and one French civilian. The attack took place about three weeks before the

4668:

4289:

The Outlaw State: Saddam Hussein's Quest for Power and the War in the Gulf

2484:

The Outlaw State: Saddam Hussein's Quest for Power and the War in the Gulf

2097:

Jed C. Snyder (1983). "The Road To Osiraq: Baghdad's Quest for the Bomb".

1920:

4850:

4303:

International Law and the Use of Force: A Documentary and Reference Guide

4016:

3952:"Preventive Attacks Against Nuclear Programs and the 'Success' at Osiraq"3791:

3788:"A Preemptive Attack on Iran's Nuclear Facilities: Possible Consequences"3345:

2670:"Preventive Attacks against Nuclear Programs and the "Success" at Osiraq"2245:

1788:

International Law and the Use of Force: A Documentary and Reference Guide

1074:

723:, writes that a senior Israeli official met with a representative of the529:

would've taken decades, not years". In 2005, Wilson further commented in

514:

471:

4890:

3769:

1069:

6281:

5276:

5231:

5206:

4506:

The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy

4001:"Revisiting Osirak: Preventive Attacks and Nuclear Proliferation Risks"3202:

The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy

3101:

2110:

1576:

1571:

1213:

475:

359:

273:

4808:

HUD video recording from two F-16s, including hit of two bombs at 1:07

4373:

France and Iraq: Oil, Arms and French Policy Making in the Middle East

2559:

France and Iraq: Oil, Arms and French Policy Making in the Middle East

5266:

5261:

5018:

5013:

3919:"The Osiraq Myth and the Track Record of Preventive Military Attacks"3739:"Papers From Iraqi Archive Reveal Conspiratorial Mind-Set of Hussein"1561:

1517:

1471:

Israeli intelligence were convinced that their strike in 1981 on the

1189:. In 1981, Israel agreed to pay restitution to Chaussepied's family.1021:

882:

830:

753:

732:

639:

293:

198:

681:, Iran attacked and damaged the site on 30 September 1980, with two3842:

Duelfer, Charles (30 September 2004). "Regime Strategic Incident".

1247:. In addition, 23 other Iraqi pilots and officers were imprisoned.5301:

5271:

5216:

5105:

5095:

5037:

4994:

4432:

Journey of Hope: The Story of Ilan Ramon, Israel's First Astronaut

3790:. James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies. Archived from3292:

Bennet, James (September 2010). "Editor's Note: Nuclear Options".

2854:

Journey of Hope: The Story of Ilan Ramon, Israel's First Astronaut

1525:

1275:

1271:

1249:

1172:

1068:

1030:

937:

924:

916:

903:

743:

579:

426:

425:

4446:

Flawed Victory: Arab-Israeli Conflict and the 1982 War in Lebanon

3127:

Flawed Victory: Arab-Israeli Conflict and the 1982 War in Lebanon

1081:

International response at the United Nations took two paths. The

1012:

The operation started on 7 June 1981, at 15:55 local time (12:55

4646:

The Prime Ministers: An Intimate Narrative of Israeli Leadership

4155:

The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War

2454:

The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War

1225:

822:

5955:

5360:

4932:

4894:

4838:

Israel's Air Strike Against The Osiraq Reactor: A Retrospective

4301:

Shirley V. Scott, Anthony Billingsley, Christopher Michaelsen,

4077:

Israeli Attack on Iraqi Reactor Offers History Lesson for Obama

3039:

Physics and Nuclear Arms Today: Section 5 Nuclear Proliferation

1786:

Shirley V. Scott, Anthony Billingsley, Christopher Michaelsen.

4873:) – Exhibition in the IDF & Defense establishment archives4460:

Divided We Stand: American Jews, Israel, and the Peace Process

3254:"Precautionary Self-Defense: Preempting Nuclear Proliferation"3162:

Divided We Stand: American Jews, Israel, and the Peace Process

1689:(8). Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.: 33–36.1419:

1047:

1013:

4863:

Operation Opera: the destruction of the Iraqi nuclear Reactor

3604:

Israel's Strike Against the Iraqi Nuclear Reactor 7 June 1981

2878:

Israel's Strike Against the Iraqi Nuclear Reactor 7 June 1981

2467:

Israel's Strike Against the Iraqi Nuclear Reactor 7 June 1981

2387:(8). Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.: 5 19912312:"Myth: Israel's Strike on Iraqi Reactor Hindered Iraqi Nukes"458:

convinced the French government to sell them an Osiris-class

4760:

3573:"Transcript: Interview at the World Economic Forum in Davos"2465:

Arye Naor, 2003. "Analysis of the Decision-Making Process,"

2343:"Bomb Iran and it will surely decide to pursue nuclear arms"3002:(7). Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.: 12.1258:

The attack took place approximately three weeks before the

760:

airspace in a covert flight over foreign territory, making

4345:

Thinking about nuclear weapons: analyses and prescriptions

3494:"NSA spying on Israel: This is how you treat your enemies"2196:

Thinking about nuclear weapons: analyses and prescriptions

772:

to provide air cover and fighter support, could perform a

563:

issued a rebuttal saying that Richter had never inspected

3220:

3218:

2575:

United States and Iraq Since 1979: Hegemony, Oil and War

1883:"S-RES-487(1981) Security Council Resolution 487 (1981)"776:

to eliminate the reactor site without having to refuel.

222:

2242:"Geopolitical Diary: Israeli Covert Operations in Iran"506:

in France. On 14 June 1980, Mossad agents assassinated

292:, with the damage having been subsequently repaired by1649:"Israel Bombs Iraq's Osirak Nuclear Research Facility"1387:

Tom Moriarty, a military intelligence analyst for the

1224:, claimed that the Gulf War, and especially the Iraqi1220:. In July 1991, Begin, in a rare interview granted to1200:

facility remained in its damaged state until the 1991

2486:. John Wiley & Sons Inc. (1st ed.), 1991. p. 152.4122:

Amos Perlmutter, Michael I. Handel, Uri Bar-Joseph,

1855:"The Bush doctrine makes nonsense of the UN charter"1604:

Amos Perlmutter, Michael I. Handel, Uri Bar-Joseph.

1414:

simply went underground, diversified, and expanded.

1410:

By contrast, Iraqi researchers have stated that the

6380:

6223:

6101:

5990:

5724:

5591:

5436:

5394:

5331:

5310:

5254:

5184:

5053:

5046:

4976:

4619:

Nuclear Weapons and Arms Control in the Middle East

4272:

Preemption: Military Action and Moral Justification

3658:"The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: More May Be Better"3545:"Iraq pursuing compensation for Israel nuke attack"2947:

Nuclear Weapons and Arms Control in the Middle East

2817:

Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs

1942:

Preemption: Military Action and Moral Justification

412:'s future ambitions for acquiring nuclear weapons.205:

193:

174:

157:

149:

137:

104:

53:

43:

30:

3148: 19 June 1981. Retrieved 10 August 2007.2963:, eds. (1991). "Section 5 Nuclear Proliferation".2041:James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies.1177:Osirak reactor site in the aftermath of the attack16:1981 Israeli airstrike on an Iraqi nuclear reactor2049:. Nuclear Threat Initiative (NPT). Archived from6456:Military operations of the Arab–Israeli conflict6451:Military operations of the Iran–Iraq War in 19814842:Temple International and Comparative Law Journal3475:"Observer-Reporter – Google News Archive Search"3421:Cohen, Avner; Marvin Miller (July–August 1991).2771:. Yale University Press (1st ed.), 2007. p. 107.2616:

2614:

1749:. University of California Press, 1985. p. xvii.1543:French support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq war1282:party, winning by just one seat in the Knesset.1212:. During the war, 100 out of 120 members of the557:United States Senate Foreign Relations Committee334:. On 7 June 1981, a flight of Israeli Air Force3786:Sammy Salama & Karen Ruster (August 2004).3036:Hafemeister, David; Levi, Barbara Goss (1991).2784:. University of California Press, 1990. p. 370.1628:. British Broadcasting Corporation. 7 June 19811490:

1469:

1430:

1403:

1373:strikes on Arab enemies." Tripp asserted, "the1351:

4853:, 5 June 2006 (interview with pilots involved)4773:

4087:), 16 March 2010, Encyclopædia Britannica Blog3945:

3943:

2700:. Au.af.mil. 30 September 1980. Archived from1065:United Nations Security Council Resolution 487280:. The Israeli operation came a year after the272:located 17 kilometres (11 miles) southeast of268:on 7 June 1981, which destroyed an unfinished5967:

5372:

4944:

4906:

3672:International Institute for Strategic Studies3061:

3059:

2029:Israel, the Middle East, and the great powers1516:in 2007, an Israeli airstrike on a purported1231:In response to their failures to prevent the8:

4591:Iraq's Nuclear Mirage, Memoirs and Delusions4258:Israel, the Middle East and the Great Powers3824:

3822:

3814:Iraq's Nuclear Mirage, Memoirs and Delusions2541:

2539:

2537:

2535:

2371:

2369:

2367:

2365:

1622:"1981: Israel bombs Baghdad nuclear reactor"1560:– an Israeli airstrike on a purported1397:, then director of non-proliferation at the638:writes that the Israeli intelligence agency264:, was a surprise airstrike conducted by the4488:The challenge of abolishing nuclear weapons3335:

3333:

3188:The challenge of abolishing nuclear weapons3156:

3154:

2456:. Cambridge University Press, 2010. p. 182.2275:. World Scientific Publishing, 2003. p. 33.1995:

1993:

1830:

1828:

1826:

1824:

1798:

1796:

1770:

1768:

659:reactor on-site for a period of ten years.632:that an anticipatory attack was necessary.623:to cease aiding the Iraqi nuclear program.6546:Foreign relations during the Iran–Iraq War6426:Israeli–Lebanese maritime border agreement5974:

5960:

5952:

5379:

5365:

5357:

5050:

4951:

4937:

4929:

4913:

4899:

4891:

3732:

3730:

3400:"Osiraq – Iraq Special Weapons Facilities"2913:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace2895:

2893:

2891:

2889:

2745:

2743:

2741:

2739:

2587:

2585:

2583:

2577:. Edinburgh University Press, 2009. p. 55.2500:

2498:

2496:

2494:

2492:

1954:

1952:

1950:

1810:

1808:

1672:

1670:

1399:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace1308:in response to the attack. In early 2010,397:reactor has been cited as an example of a319:capability of other states in the region.296:technicians. Operation Opera, and related27:

6136:UN Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 2426110:UN General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution 1943999:Braut-Hegghammer, Malfrid (Summer 2011).3781:

3779:

3575:. The Clinton Foundation. 27 January 20053509:

3507:

2801:Raas, Whitney & Long, Austin (2007).2737:

2735:

2733:

2731:

2729:

2727:

2725:

2723:

2721:

2719:

2663:

2661:

2638:

2636:

2420:

2418:

2416:

2414:

2404:

2402:

2070:

2068:

1983:

1981:

1848:

1846:

1844:

300:statements following it, established the6541:Military nuclear accidents and incidents4790:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.4050:Malfrid Braut-Hegghammer (11 May 2011).3423:"Iraq and the Rules of the Nuclear Game"3247:

3245:

3243:

3241:

3239:

2872:

2870:

2868:

2866:

2864:

2862:

2763:

2761:

2569:

2567:

2553:

2551:

2448:

2446:

2444:

2442:

2440:

2438:

2436:

2223:

2221:

2219:

2217:

2215:

2213:

1877:

1875:

1653:Washington Report on Middle East Affairs1570:– the Israeli Air Force's raid on549:(IAEA) safeguards. In October 1981, the311:added another dimension to its existing5477:Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon3928:(4–2). Pittsburgh's Ridgway Center: 1–43703:

3701:

3515:"Iraq demands compensation from Israel"3190:. Transaction Publishers, 2009. p. 161.2856:. Geffen Publishing House, 2003. p. 11.2796:

2794:

2792:

2790:

2174:"Attack – and Fallout: Israel and Iraq"1838:. McFarland & Co Inc., 1999. p. 46.1588:

1449:In the Duelfer Report, released by the1349:discussed the fallout from the strike:965:The attack squadron consisted of eight350:." The airstrike reportedly killed ten6418:Israel–Morocco normalization agreement6408:Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement4576:State of Denial: Bush at War, Part III4550:Technology Transfer to the Middle East4418:Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East3737:Gordon, Michael R. (25 October 2011).3373:Technology Transfer to the Middle East2782:Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East1940:Shue, Henry and Rhodin, David (2007).1616:

1614:

1107:Israel's possession of nuclear weapons4877:Operation Opera: An Ambiguous Success3816:. Springhead Publishers, 2003. p. 82.3764:(2). World Affairs Institute: 71–77.3637:from the original on 19 December 20212996:The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists2621:Tom Cooper and Farzad Bishop (2004).2381:The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists2231:. United Nations Pubns, 1984. p. 277.2105:(4). Middle East Institute: 565–593.1683:The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists1235:attack (and the earlier H-3 attack),19:For the Yugoslav Wars operation, see7:

6413:Israel–Sudan normalization agreement6152:Israel–Syria disengagement agreement5829:Southern Israel cross-border attacks5741:Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel5676:Iraqi missile attacks against Israel3848:. pp.28 and 31. Archived from3341:"Israel Pays a Raid Victim's Family"1608:. Routledge (2nd ed.), 2008. p. 120.1296:In 2009, the Prime Minister of Iraq1260:Israeli legislative election of 19811050:), 20km (12mi) from the685:, shortly after the outbreak of the422:Iraq and weapons of mass destruction338:fighter aircraft, with an escort of6461:Airstrikes during the Iran–Iraq War4317:Israel and the Quest for Permanence4169:Yearbook of the United Nations 19814052:"Can an Attack Deny Iran the Bomb?"3709:"Osirak: Threats real and imagined"2992:"Osirak and international security"2608:. Vintage Books, 1984. pp. 175–178.2430:. St. Martin's Press, 1996. p. 320.2229:Yearbook of the United Nations 19812135:Bergman, Ronen (13 December 2010).1972:"Osirak: Threats real and imagined"1836:Israel and the Quest for Permanence1679:"Osirak and international security"1185:and the French governmental agency962:the plant at the time of the raid.869:aircraft began practicing over the846:Preliminary Israeli/Iranian actions434:reactor prior to the Israeli attack257:

6403:Israel–UAE normalization agreement6294:Beirut Summit and peace initiative5151:Palestinian Popular Struggle Front4331:Israeli F-15 Eagle Units in Combat3890:Betts, Richard K. (1 March 2006).3830:Proliferation: Threat and Response3282:. Ashgate Publishing, 2005. p. 35.2936:. Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. p. 81.2934:Ariel Sharon: An Intimate Portrait2154:Hider, James (20 September 2008).2076:Israeli F-15 Eagle Units in Combat2031:. Transaction Books, 1985. p. 334.1944:. Oxford University Press. p. 215.1087:International Atomic Energy Agency547:International Atomic Energy Agency356:1981 Israeli legislative elections282:Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force14:

6501:Cross-border operations into Iraq4833:Federation of American Scientists3492:Bergman, Ronen (3 January 2016).3428:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists3375:. DIANE Publishing, 1984. p. 387.3258:Nuclear weapons non-proliferation2511:. RAND Corporation. p.215.2248:. 2 February 2007. Archived from2078:. Osprey Publishing, 2006. p. 35.1818:. Pantheon (1 ed.), 2010. p. 145.1382:U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in 20031110:part of its strategic alliance."1059:International political reactions695:Military Intelligence Directorate552:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists6332:Agreement on Movement and Access4772:

3875:. Simon & Schuster. p.3832:. DIANE Publishing, 1996. p. 19.3212:. Random House Inc., 1991. p. 6.2156:"The secret life of Tzipi Livni"2043:"Iraq Profile: Nuclear Overview"2009:Lucien S. Vandenborucke (1984).1885:. United Nations. Archived from1777:. World Book Inc., 1983. p. 350.1345:As early as the autumn of 1981,1091:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty898:Among the aircraft hit were two543:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty369:, and Israel was rebuked by the229:Tuwaitha Nuclear Research Centre221:

214:

181:Osirak nuclear reactor destroyed162:

59:Tuwaitha Nuclear Research Center6466:1981 in international relations6366:Israeli–Palestinian peace talks6360:Israeli–Palestinian peace talks6328:Israeli disengagement from Gaza5537:Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 1145418:Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency5176:Syrian Social Nationalist Party4857:Factfile: How Osirak was bombed3139:United Nations Security Council2318:. 16 March 2006. Archived from1853:Jonathan Steele (7 June 2002).1306:United Nations Security Council1083:United Nations Security Council959:United Nations Security Council865:A team of Israeli pilots using486:(Arabic: تموز) and the smaller415:

401:in contemporary scholarship on371:United Nations Security Council284:had caused minor damage to the6491:Airstrikes conducted by Israel6005:McMahon–Hussein Correspondence5821:Palestinian militancy campaign3656:Waltz, Kenneth (Autumn 1981).3608:Menachem Begin Heritage Center3449:10.1080/00963402.1991.114599923016:10.1080/00963402.1981.114588962966:Physics and Nuclear Arms Today2882:Menachem Begin Heritage Center2471:Menachem Begin Heritage Center2377:"10 years ago in the Bulletin"2341:Hasan, Mehdi (25 March 2012).2180:. 22 June 1981. Archived from1703:10.1080/00963402.1981.114588961039:of Jordan, vacationing in the818:Congressional Research Service570:Brookhaven National Laboratory478:. The main reactor was dubbed313:policy of deliberate ambiguity129:(Commander, Israeli Air Force)1:

6511:History of Diyala Governorate6093:American trusteeship proposal5166:Popular Resistance Committees4182:The 1982 World Book Year Book3521:. 6 June 2009. Archived from3500:– via www.ynetnews.com.3233:United Nations Staff, p. 281.3224:United Nations Staff, p. 283.2316:Institute for Public Accuracy1775:The 1982 World Book Year Book627:consistently maintained that545:, placing its reactors under444:gas cooled graphite moderated393:". The destruction of Iraq's4881:Journal of Strategic Studies4695:Journal of Strategic Studies4444:Trevor Dupuy, Paul Martell,3917:Reiter, Dan (October 2004).3125:Trevor Dupuy, Paul Martell.2561:. I.B. Tauris, 2006. p. 134.541:Iraq was a signatory to the521:, a professor of physics at178:Israeli operational success5694:Palestinian suicide attacks4818:Attack on Iraq’s Nuke Plant3398:Pike, John (24 July 2011).3100:(in Hebrew). Archived from1046:At 18:35 local time (14:351016:). The Israeli planes left985:, Dobbi Yaffe, Hagai Katz,833:reported to Begin that the689:. At the onset of the war,677:In an air attack codenamed322:In 1976, Iraq purchased an239:nuclear reactor within Iraq6564:

6536:Nuclear technology in Iraq6266:Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum6254:Beilin–Abu Mazen agreement6248:Israel–Jordan peace treaty6180:Palestinian autonomy talks4270:Henry Shue, David Rhodin,4138:Iraq: From Sumer to Saddam3388:. New Delhi, 2003. p. 183.3278:Nyamuya Maogoto, Jackson.3129:. Hero Books, 1986. p. 69.2949:. MIT Press, 1997. p. 110.2752:"Target: Saddam's Reactor"2428:Iraq: From Sumer to Saddam2198:. Routledge, 1985. p. 147.2027:Stockman-Shomron, Israel.1655:. Andrew I. Kilgore: 81–821553:Nuclear weapons and Israel1369:, "advocating devastating1140:, described the reaction:1062:

973:2,000-pound (910kg)879:Iranian Revolution of 1979849:

821:Columbia University using791:and Deputy Prime Minister693:, director of the Israeli670:

610:Israel's Foreign Minister419:

21:Operation Opera Orientalis18:

6486:Building bombings in Iraq6176:Egypt–Israel peace treaty6033:Faisal–Weizmann agreement5951:

5356:

5071:al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades4928:

4699:Timothy L. H. McCormack,4689:Steven E. Lobell (2020) "4519:Jackson Nyamuya Maogoto,4256:Israel Stockman-Shomron,3971:10.1080/107367005003790083965:(2). Routledge: 355–371.3950:Reiter, Dan (July 2005).3680:10.1080/056793281084573943072:. Osprey Publishing Ltd.3042:. Springer. p.205.2990:Anthony Fainberg (1981).2969:. Springer. p.205.2668:Reiter, Dan (July 2005).2505:Mueller, Karl P. (2007).2262:(requires e-mail address)1814:Polakow-Suransky, Sasha.1734:Nuclear Threat Initiative1677:Anthony Fainberg (1981).1524:carrying bombs while the1291:US intelligence community1162:state-sponsored terrorism1077:with Osirak bombing mark.1020:, flying unchallenged in969:, each with two unguided814:radioactive contamination391:state-sponsored terrorism209:

35:

6531:June 1981 events in Asia6215:Israel–Lebanon agreement6027:Anglo-French Declaration6023:Declaration to the Seven5600:Misgav Am hostage crisis4847:Osirak: Over the reactor4225:Sasha Polakow-Suransky,4124:Two Minutes Over Baghdad3627:Interview with Ze'ev Raz3610:: 2003, 60, quoted from3177:. Longman, 1992. p. 178.2825:10.1162/isec.2007.31.4.71790:. Praeger, 2009. p. 182.1762:. Praeger, 1999. p. 605.1723:Country Profiles -Israel1606:Two Minutes over Baghdad1208:, one of them being the617:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing470:Construction for the 40-118:Prime Minister of Israel6526:France–Israel relations5907:Israel–Palestine crisis5758:Bringing Home the Goods5101:Guardians of the Cedars4869:27 October 2020 at the3959:Nonproliferation Review3066:Farrokh, Kaveh (2011).2677:Nonproliferation Review2286:"Letters to the Editor"2099:The Middle East Journal1389:United States Air Force1206:United States Air Force315:, as it related to the6481:1981 building bombings6324:Sharm El Sheikh Summit6244:Gaza–Jericho Agreement6126:Tripartite Declaration5749:Ain es Saheb airstrike5634:South Lebanon conflict4768:

4748:Listen to this article4167:United Nations Staff,4005:International Security3871:Woodward, Bob (2006).3069:Iran at war: 1500–19882959:David W. Hafemeister;2909:Proliferation Analysis2808:International Security2629:(110). Key Publishing.2227:United Nations Staff.1999:Perlmutter, pp. 41–42.1758:Cordesman, Anthony H.1736:(NTI) updated May 20141728:6 October 2014 at the1508:The second use of the1495:

1478:

1435:

1408:

1406:of Israeli aggression.1356:

1255:

1178:

1166:

1078:

951:

935:

749:

679:Operation Scorch Sword673:Operation Scorch Sword644:clandestine operations642:conducted a series of615:French governments of592:

576:Strategy and diplomacy435:

416:Iraq's nuclear program290:Operation Scorch Sword141:Destruction of Iraq's6521:France–Iraq relations6516:Iraq–Israel relations6372:John Kerry Parameters6045:Churchill White Paper6011:Sykes–Picot Agreement5571:Coastal Road massacre5192:Arab Higher Committee5081:Arab Liberation Front5024:Palestinian Authority4922:Arab–Israeli conflict4767:

4727:Dan McKinnon (1987),4713:Dan McKinnon (1987),3896:The National Interest3146: S/RES/487(1981)2905:"No Military Options"2290:The Atlantic Magazine2137:"Killing the Killers"2015:Air University Review1548:Iraq–Israel relations1538:France–Iraq relations1412:Iraqi nuclear program1253:

1176:

1142:

1072:

957:, in a speech to the941:

920:

747:

583:

429:

332:Arab–Israeli conflict306:counter-proliferation286:same nuclear facility270:Iraqi nuclear reactor197:10 Iraqi soldiers, 1185:Iraqi nuclear program89:33.20333°N 44.51861°E38:Arab–Israeli conflict6354:Annapolis Conference6348:UNSC Resolution 17016338:UNSC Resolution 18506320:UNSC Resolution 15836314:UNSC Resolution 15666310:UNSC Resolution 15596260:Wye River Memorandum6116:Armistice agreements5873:Gaza border protests5795:Gaza–Israel conflict5511:Lod Airport massacre5344:United Arab Republic5287:United Arab Emirates5197:Arab Liberation Army4799:More spoken articles4715:Bullseye One Reactor4357:Richard C. Ragaini,4083:2 April 2015 at the4017:10.1162/isec_a_000463892:"The Osirak Fallacy"3519:Al-Alam News Network3402:. GlobalSecurity.org3208:5 March 2016 at the2271:Ragaini, Richard C.1647:Donald Neff (1995).1568:Operation Wooden Leg1262:. Opposition leader875:F-16 Fighting Falcon740:Operational planning600:first term in office6197:UNSC Resolution 4976191:UNSC Resolution 4786185:UNSC Resolution 4526172:UNSC Resolution 4466162:UNSC Resolution 4256156:UNSC Resolution 3506146:UNSC Resolution 3396142:UNSC Resolution 3386132:Khartoum Resolution6120:Lausanne Conference6069:Morrison–Grady Plan6039:San Remo conference6017:Balfour Declaration5889:Gaza–Israel clashes5881:Gaza–Israel clashes5660:Mothers' Bus attack5237:Revolutionary Cells4556:Sharad S. Chauhan,4387:Proliferation Today4056:The Huffington Post3794:on 10 November 20103441:1991BuAtS..47f..10C3435:(6): 10–11 and 43.3384:Chauhan, Sharad S.3008:1981BuAtS..37h..33F2903:(19 January 2006).2606:Proliferation Today2593:Rise and Kill First1909:"Israel's Illusion"1695:1981BuAtS..37h..33F1595:Perlmutter, p. 172.1359:Charles R. H. Tripp1098:UN General Assembly934:in Operation Opera.930:, flown by Colonel801:time. According to748:Scheme of operation710:radioactive fallout621:François Mitterrand85: / 6496:Airstrikes in Iraq6342:Quartet Principles6276:Clinton Parameters6166:Camp David Accords5553:Savoy Hotel attack5403:1948 Palestine war5242:South Lebanon Army5131:Muslim Brotherhood4769:

4472:Peter A. Clausen,3828:Perry, William J.3743:The New York Times3686:on 1 December 20103325:Edwin Mellen Press3321:Lewiston, New York3252:Eli Louka (2009).3173:Clausen, Peter A.2545:Cordesman, p. 606.2482:Sciolino, Elaine.2252:on 7 December 20102087:Perlmutter, p. 46.2053:on 5 November 20101987:Perlmutter, p. 40.1913:The New York Times1745:Ramberg, Bennett.1256:

1179:

1119:Board of Governors1079:

977:. A flight of six975:delay-action bombs952:

936:

805:, Mossad director783:, a member of the768:, with a group of750:

725:Ayatollah Khomeini593:

523:Harvard University452:reprocessing plant436:

380:The New York Times298:Israeli government187:severely disturbed94:33.20333; 44.5186163:Diyala Governorate6506:Mossad operations6438:

6437:

6434:

6433:

6304:Geneva Initiative6272:Camp David Summit6232:Madrid Conference6209:Reagan peace plan6182:

6087:UN Partition Plan6081:London Conference6063:London Conference5999:Damascus Protocol5947:

5946:

5848:Pillar of Defense5503:Sabena Flight 5715469:Battle of Karameh5388:Armed engagements5352:

5351:

5250:

5249:

5222:Japanese Red Army4977:Primary countries4829:Osiraq / Tammuz I4823:American Heritage4765:

4736:978-0-425-11259-54723:978-0-941437-07-34709:978-0-312-16279-54685:978-0-7679-1400-04660:978-1-59264-278-64627:978-0-262-56108-24613:978-0-8330-3881-44603:Karl P. Mueller,4599:978-0-9733790-0-64585:978-0-7432-7223-04566:978-81-7648-478-74543:978-0-7734-5866-64533:H. H. A. Cooper,4529:978-0-7546-4407-14515:978-0-679-74331-64496:978-1-4128-1036-44482:978-0-06-501395-54468:978-0-275-97408-44454:978-0-915979-07-34440:978-965-229-316-94426:978-0-520-06976-34409:978-0-425-11259-54395:978-0-394-72901-54385:Leonard Spector,4381:978-1-84511-045-14367:978-981-238-586-44353:978-0-7099-3775-34339:978-1-84603-047-54325:978-0-7864-0645-64311:978-0-313-36259-04297:978-0-471-54299-54280:978-0-19-923313-74266:978-965-287-000-14252:978-0-300-12057-84235:978-0-375-42546-24221:978-0-520-04969-74211:Bennett Ramberg,4207:978-0-275-96528-04195:Anthony Cordesman4190:978-0-7166-0482-24177:978-0-8002-3756-14163:978-0-521-87088-74146:978-1-4039-1770-64132:978-0-7146-8347-83315:Cooper, H. H. A.3164:. Praeger. p. 66.3160:Seliktar, Ofira.3095:"Operation Opera"3079:978-1-78096-221-43049:978-0-88318-626-82976:978-0-88318-626-82901:Joseph Cirincione2604:Spector, Leonard.2518:978-0-8330-4095-42408:Perlmutter, p. 672184:on 18 March 2011.1959:Council of Europe1558:Operation Orchard1528:provided escort.1514:Operation Orchard1451:Iraq Survey Group1401:, wrote in 2006:1395:Joseph Cirincione1222:Israel Army Radio1158:Los Angeles Times1150:Jeane Kirkpatrick1146:Margaret Thatcher922:Israeli Air Force907:strategic bombers871:Mediterranean Sea829:In October 1980,762:mid-air refueling703:preventive attack636:Anthony Cordesman448:producing reactor440:French Government403:international law399:preventive strike386:Los Angeles Times309:preventive strike266:Israeli Air Force262:Operation Babylon260:), also known as258:מִבְצָע אוֹפֵּרָה247:

246:

169:Israeli Air Force44:Operational scope6553:

6471:1981 in aviation6392:Trump peace plan6384:

6178:

5976:

5969:

5962:

5953:

5938:

5935:Israel–Hamas war5930:

5926:Shield and Arrow5920:

5910:

5902:

5892:

5884:

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5522:

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5498:

5490:

5480:

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5421:

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5410:Arab–Israeli War5405:

5381:

5374:

5367:

5358:

5255:Other countries5051:

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3553:. 6 January 20103550:The Siasat Daily3541:

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3451:. Archived from3418:

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1481:Richard K. Betts1367:David Ben-Gurion1333:Louis René Beres1311:The Siasat Daily1210:Package Q Strike1202:Persian Gulf War1127:President Reagan785:Security Cabinet504:La Seyne-sur-Mer464:enriched uranium460:research reactor456:Iraqi government375:General Assembly259:

235:Location of the225:

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6398:Abraham Accords6382:

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6201:1981–19826097:

6051:Peel Commission5986:

5984:peace proposals5980:

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5038:Ba'athist Syria5034:Syrian Republic4979:and authorities4978:

4972:

4971:

4957:

4924:

4919:

4871:Wayback Machine4807:

4803:

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4791:

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4780:This audio file4777:

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4675:Rodger Claire,4661:

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4634:Further reading4631:

4589:Imad Khadduri,4547:Barry Leonard,4486:David Krieger,4285:Elaine Sciolino4118:

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3852:on 13 June 20073841:

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3525:on 19 July 20133513:

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3455:on 20 July 20113420:

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